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La cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic = stantibus=E2=80=9D, =C2=BFuna posible soluci=C3=B3n=20 para aquellos que no pueden cumplir con sus obligaciones contractuales? =

Sergio Ag=C3=BCera es abogado senior y especialista en Derecho = Inmobiliario y=20 Derecho Mercantil, PEREZ-LLORCA.

Comparte = esta=20 noticia:
Estos iconos son de sitios de bookmarking = social=20 d=C3=B3nde los usuarios pueden compartir p=C3=A1gins nuevas. =

25/02/10 , Redacci=C3=B3n | una respuesta

Por Sergio Ag=C3=BCera, abogado senior y especialista en = Derecho=20 Inmobiliario y Derecho Mercantil, PEREZ-LLORCA.

1. Introducci=C3=B3n

Ante la situaci=C3=B3n econ=C3=B3mica excepcional que estamos = viviendo, cada d=C3=ADa=20 asistimos a situaciones en las que empresas y particulares no pueden = cumplir con=20 sus obligaciones contractuales. Tales situaciones se est=C3=A1n = produciendo en todos=20 los sectores de la econom=C3=ADa pero es el sector inmobiliario uno de = los m=C3=A1s=20 duramente afectados. Los problemas de restricci=C3=B3n del cr=C3=A9dito = y la dr=C3=A1stica=20 reducci=C3=B3n de la demanda, entre otras circunstancias, est=C3=A1n = haciendo imposible en=20 muchas ocasiones hacer frente a obligaciones contractuales asumidas = antes de que=20 se precipitase la actual crisis

En el presente art=C3=ADculo analizaremos si la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9C= rebus sic=20 stantibus=E2=80=9D y el uso que de ella han hecho los Tribunales es = una posible=20 soluci=C3=B3n a dichas situaciones. En concreto, procederemos a su = estudio con=20 especial atenci=C3=B3n a su aplicaci=C3=B3n al sector inmobiliario.

2. La alteraci=C3=B3n sobrevenida de las circunstancias en = contratos de=20 larga duraci=C3=B3n o de ejecuci=C3=B3n a largo plazo

En los contratos de tracto sucesivo de cierta duraci=C3=B3n o en = aquellos otros en=20 los que la prestaci=C3=B3n es =C3=BAnica, pero que ha de ser ejecutada = con cierta=20 posterioridad a la perfecci=C3=B3n del contrato, puede ocurrir que las = circunstancias=20 presentes en el momento de la celebraci=C3=B3n del mismo, y que se = tuvieron en cuenta=20 a la hora de configurar las rec=C3=ADprocas prestaciones, experimenten = modificaciones=20 sustanciales durante la fase de ejecuci=C3=B3n del contrato o entre el = tiempo de su=20 perfecci=C3=B3n y el momento de la ejecuci=C3=B3n de las prestaciones, = que provoquen un=20 notable desequilibrio entre las rec=C3=ADprocas prestaciones a que se = obligaron las=20 partes (alteraci=C3=B3n sobrevenida de las circunstancias).

Tal alteraci=C3=B3n ocurre normalmente en tiempos de convulsiones o = profundos=20 cambios sociales o econ=C3=B3micos o de crisis econ=C3=B3micas generales = o sectoriales.=20

En estos casos se considera que el Derecho debe dar una respuesta por = la que=20 se pueda alcanzar el restablecimiento del equilibrio perdido o, al = menos, que=20 reduzca en la medida de lo posible el desequilibrio causado por la = alteraci=C3=B3n=20 sobrevenida de las circunstancias. Se han construido una serie de = teor=C3=ADas=20 (doctrina de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantibus=E2=80=9D, = doctrina de la imprevisi=C3=B3n, la=20 teor=C3=ADa de la excesiva onerosidad de la prestaci=C3=B3n, la = teor=C3=ADa de la base del=20 negocio, etc.) dirigidas a tales prop=C3=B3sitos. De entre ellas, la = m=C3=A1s aplicada por=20 los Tribunales es la primera de las citadas, esto es, la llamada = doctrina de la=20 cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantibus=E2=80=9D.

De acuerdo con esta doctrina, en todos los contratos se considera que = existe=20 una cl=C3=A1usula t=C3=A1cita, seg=C3=BAn la cual la existencia de la = relaci=C3=B3n contractual tal=20 como fue convenida por las partes depende de la subsistencia de las=20 circunstancias existentes en el momento de la conclusi=C3=B3n del = contrato, de tal=20 forma que si sobreviene un cambio importante en el estado de los hecho = existente=20 o contemplado por las partes al contratar, podr=C3=A1 revisarse el = contenido de las=20 obligaciones para compensar el desequilibrio de las prestaciones.

3. Fundamento de la aplicaci=C3=B3n de la cl=C3=A1usula = =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantibus=E2=80=9D=20

La cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantitbus=E2=80=9D no tiene un = reflejo expreso en nuestro=20 Derecho, y su formulaci=C3=B3n es de corte doctrinal y jurisprudencial, = sustentado en=20 los principios generales de la buena fe y el justo equilibrio de las=20 prestaciones. El fundamento objetivo de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus = sic stantitbus=E2=80=9D se ha=20 buscado fundamentalmente a trav=C3=A9s del principio de la buena fe. La = relaci=C3=B3n=20 entre el problema de la modificaci=C3=B3n sobrevenida de las = circunstancias y el=20 principio general de la buena fe ha sido establecida, sobre todo, por la = doctrina y por la jurisprudencia alemana. En la jurisprudencia = espa=C3=B1ola, por=20 ejemplo, la sentencia del Tribunal = Supremo=20 (TS) de 23 noviembre 1962, ya se pronunciaba claramente en esta = direcci=C3=B3n=20 sustent=C3=A1ndose en la letra del art. 1258 CC, en el que se contiene = el principio=20 general de cumplimiento de los contratos conforme ala buena fe, siendo = la=20 aplicaci=C3=B3n de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebussic = stantitbus=E2=80=9D una justa consecuencia de la=20 buena fe en sentido objetivo, que se traduce en =E2=80=9Cel = restablecimiento de la base=20 contractual con reciprocidad equitativa de las obligaciones=E2=80=9D. = Pero la doctrina=20 de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantitbus=E2=80=9D ha sido = admitida incluso antes por la=20 jurisprudencia espa=C3=B1ola.

De hecho, por ejemplo, el TS, ya se pronunci=C3=B3 al respecto = mediante sentencia=20 de 13 de junio de 1944, en un caso relativo a un contrato de venta de = aceite de=20 oliva que increment=C3=B3 notablemente su precio como consecuencia de la = guerra=20 civil. El TS estim=C3=B3 que el conflicto b=C3=A9lico era una justa = causa para suspender=20 la obligaci=C3=B3n de entrega y, adem=C3=A1s, rebaj=C3=B3 la cantidad de = aceite que hab=C3=ADa de=20 entregarse habida cuenta del incremento del precio.

El hecho de que la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic = stantibus=E2=80=9D carezca de sustrato=20 normativo no ha impedido a nuestra doctrina y jurisprudencia admitir su=20 aplicaci=C3=B3n, siempre que concurran determinados presupuestos. El TS = la ha=20 concebido como un mecanismo para restablecer el justo equilibrio de las=20 prestaciones pero, en cuanto que supone una modificaci=C3=B3n del = r=C3=A9gimen de la=20 relaci=C3=B3n obligatoria y del sistema de organizaci=C3=B3n de = intereses por desaparici=C3=B3n=20 sobrevenida de la base del negocio, se admite con muchas cautelas.

4. Los presupuestos de aplicaci=C3=B3n de la cl=C3=A1usula = =E2=80=9Crebus sic=20 stantibus=E2=80=9D

Para que pueda entrar en juego la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus = sicstantibus=E2=80=9D, adem=C3=A1s de=20 tratarse de contratos de larga duraci=C3=B3n, tracto sucesivo o = ejecuci=C3=B3n diferida,=20 deben

concurrir los siguientes presupuestos: a) una = alteraci=C3=B3n=20 extraordinaria de las circunstancias existentes en el momento de cumplir = el=20 contrato en relaci=C3=B3n con las concurrentes al tiempo de su = celebraci=C3=B3n;=20 b) un desequilibrio exorbitante, fuera de todo c=C3=A1lculo, = entre las=20 prestaciones de las partes; y c) que todo ello = acontezca por=20 que sobrevengan de circunstancias radicalmente imprevisibles;=20 d) que no exista otro medio jur=C3=ADdico para = compensar ese=20 desequilibrio. Respecto a este =C3=BAltimo requisito el TS es = enormemente=20 restrictivo, casi siempre estima que existe otro mecanismo de = compensaci=C3=B3n. n=20 consecuencia, no han de tenerse en cuenta, por tanto, las = transformaciones de=20 las circunstancias que fueron previsibles o que se encontraban en la = esfera de=20 influencia de la parte perjudicada.

5. Los efectos jur=C3=ADdicos de la modificaci=C3=B3n = sobrevenida de las=20 circunstancias

Podemos decir que, en cuanto al efecto que debe otorgarse a la = alteraci=C3=B3n=20 sobrevenida de las circunstancias tenidas en cuenta por las partes a la = hora de=20 contratar, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia oscilan entre la = atribuci=C3=B3n de un=20 efecto resolutorio o extintivo de la relaci=C3=B3n contractual o un = efecto=20 simplemente modificativo, de reajuste o de revisi=C3=B3n, aunque la = l=C3=ADnea general de=20 la jurisprudencia es favorable a la revisi=C3=B3n encaminada simplemente = a compensar=20 el desequilibrio de las prestaciones.

6. La jurisprudencia general de los =C3=BAltimos a=C3=B1os = sobre la aplicaci=C3=B3n=20 de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantibus=E2=80=9D

Lo cierto es que el TS es muy poco proclive a la aplicaci=C3=B3n de = las cl=C3=A1usulas=20 =E2=80=9Crebus sic stantibus=E2=80=9D. En los =C3=BAltimos a=C3=B1os lo = ha hecho en muy contadas=20 ocasiones. Por ejemplo, en la sentencia del TS de 20febrero 2002, en = relaci=C3=B3n=20 con el canon a pagar por parte del titular de un derecho de superficie = como=20 consecuencia de la limitaci=C3=B3n del mismo que se produjo por la = reivindicaci=C3=B3n de=20 una parte de la parcela por el Patrimonio del Estado. Tambi=C3=A9n se = admiti=C3=B3 en la=20 sentencia del TS del 26 julio 1993, en relaci=C3=B3n con la = limitaci=C3=B3n que afectaba a=20 una finca que hab=C3=ADa sido donada a un Ayuntamiento con = prohibici=C3=B3n de enajenarla=20 para usos distintos al deportivo. El TS consider=C3=B3 que tal = limitaci=C3=B3n deb=C3=ADa=20 quedar sin efectos al haber transcurrido m=C3=A1s de cincuenta = a=C3=B1os.

Sin embargo, son mucho m=C3=A1s numerosas las sentencias que han = considerado=20 inaplicable la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebussic stantibus=E2=80=9D. Por = citar algunos ejemplos=20 relativos al =C3=A1mbito inmobiliario, sentencias del TS de 25 = octubre2007, de 1=20 marzo 2007, de 25 enero 2007, de 18 de junio de 2004 o de 22 de abril de = 2004.=20

7. Conclusiones

Tanto la doctrina como la jurisprudencia conciben de forma muy = restrictiva la=20 aplicaci=C3=B3n de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic = stantibus=E2=80=9D, siendo muy escasas las=20 ocasiones en las que se ha aplicado. En tales casos el efecto no es la=20 resoluci=C3=B3n del contrato, sino una modificaci=C3=B3n de las = prestaciones. Adem=C3=A1s, esa=20 l=C3=ADnea restrictiva es particularmente intensa en el =C3=A1mbito = inmobiliario. Ello es=20 as=C3=AD porque considera que las oscilaciones de este mercado, o lo = cambios de=20 actuaci=C3=B3n urban=C3=ADstica, constituyen un elemento consustancial = al mismo, de modo=20 que en este =C3=A1mbito no puede hablarse de imprevisibilidad en caso de = cambio=20 sobrevenido de las circunstancias existentes en el momento de = celebraci=C3=B3n del=20 contrato.

Sin embargo, estamos asistiendo a una situaci=C3=B3n de crisis = econ=C3=B3mica de=20 car=C3=A1cter global in=C3=A9dita en nuestra historia reciente que, = adem=C3=A1s, est=C3=A1=20 revistiendo especial gravedad en el sector inmobiliario espa=C3=B1ol. = Parece poco=20 probable pero quiz=C3=A1s ahora s=C3=AD se den las circunstancias = necesarias para que nuestros Tribunales admitan = la=20 aplicaci=C3=B3n de la cl=C3=A1usula =E2=80=9Crebus sic = stantibus=E2=80=9D para casos especialmente=20 severos.

Desafortunadamente, aun tardaremos algunos a=C3=B1os en tener las = primeras=20 sentencias del TS que se pronuncien sobre si es posible su = aplicaci=C3=B3n teniendo=20 en cuenta las circunstancias actuales.

Comparte = esta=20 noticia:
Estos iconos son de sitios de bookmarking = social=20 d=C3=B3nde los usuarios pueden compartir p=C3=A1gins nuevas. =

Art=C3=ADculos sobre :
abogados=20 en espa=C3=B1a, bufetes=20 en espa=C3=B1a, Derecho Inmobiliario y Derecho Mercantil, diariojuridico, noticias=20 en espa=C3=B1a, noticias=20 juridicas, noticias legales en espa=C3=B1a, P=C3=A9rez-Llorca Abogados, Sergio=20 Ag=C3=BCera

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Feed para este art=C3=ADculo 1 Respuesta hasta el momento

Pingback por Sergio Ag=C3=BCera, abogado senior, = P=C3=A9rez LLorca Abogados.=20 Art=C3=ADculo =C2=AB carreras 2.0 en Feb=20 25, 2010 9:10 am =E2=86=91<= /A>=20

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